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Globalisation, further deregulation
& racial divides
1990s
“Once they start getting corporate money, the Democrats and Republicans start to compete over who can re-write the tax code to give corporations greater advantages”
- Chris Hedges
Overview
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THE CLINTON CRIME BILL & EXPANSION OF THE PRISON SYSTEM
The 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act helps pay for new federal prisons if states agreed to force offenders to serve 85 percent of their sentence.
The law is heavily criticised for causing incarceration rates to spike, particularly for minorities. The provision of a strict “three-strikes” rule for repeat offenders is seen as unjustly targeting many black Americans.
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CORPORATE MONEY & FREE MARKET ECONOMICS
President Clinton signs the North American Free Trade Agreement, leaving little room for local loyalties when it comes to jobs and industries.
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The Clinton crime bill & expansion of the prison system
President Bill Clinton appears on a big screen while addressing delegates at the Democratic National Convention August 14, 2000 in Los Angeles CA. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Newsmakers)
“Clinton communicates with certain elements of the electorate that for 20 years had been largely alienated”
- Jonathan Weiler
US Presidential election 1992
Source: US National Archives and Records Administration
What was the Democratic Leadership Council?
JULIET SCHOR
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The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) was a non-profit organisation founded in 1985, whose principal goal was to push the Democratic Party to the centre, following its turn to the left in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, and win back white middle class voters.
The DLC is associated with the international “Third Way” ideology, and advocated free trade, welfare reform, balanced budgets, and punitive crime policies.
It was vital to Bill Clinton’s rise to power.
“Clinton came from the right wing of the Democratic Party, a group called the Democratic Leadership Council, and their idea was that the Democratic Party had to move to the right, that it had gone much too far to the left.”
Watch
“It’s a radical change based on common sense and traditional values. That’s what we can win with.”
- Bill Clinton
JONATHAN WEILER
MICHAEL McQUARRIE
“Clinton introduces new federal death penalty statutes and by all these means he communicates with certain elements of the electorate that for 20 years had been largely alienated from the Democratic Party.”
Watch
“So basically every president from Nixon to Clinton write crime policies to signal their loyalty to the values of white middle America.”
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CHRIS HEDGES
ELIZABETH HINTON
ELAINE BROWN
“Prisons became a mechanism by which mostly rural whites could get jobs with benefits. Poor black and brown people, whose bodies were worth nothing on the streets of de-industrialised cities, could be placed in cages and generate $40,000 or $50,000.”
Watch
“You have more police on the street to arrest more people, you have harsher sentences for crimes that 10 years prior you wouldn't end up in prison for 10 to 15 years for. And then you had the expansion of the prison system.”
Watch
“The private prison organisations seized on that. They thought, ‘oh we've got guaranteed income’.”
Watch
What was the 1994 Crime Bill?
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Corporate money & free market economics
The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act was the largest crime bill in US history, signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1994.
The act implemented a "three strikes" mandatory life sentence for repeat offenders, and an expansion of offences eligible for the death penalty.
It also provided $30bn for measures such as 100,000 new police officers, $9.7bn in funding for prisons, and $6.1bn in funding for prevention programmes.
The bill, which had bipartisan support, easily passed both the House and Senate.
Some academics and critics claimed that the bill was responsible for the rise of racist mass incarceration.
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade) agreement in Washington. Left to right : Bill Clinton, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, George Bush and Al Gore. (Photo by Larry Downing/Sygma/Sygma via Getty Images)
“The Clinton administration consciously decided to take corporate money and do corporate bidding”
- Chris Hedges
The logic
The logic of multinational corporations and interconnected economies left little room for local loyalties when it came to jobs and industries.
CHRIS HEDGES
JULIET SCHOR
CHRIS HEDGES
“The Clinton administration consciously decided to take corporate money and do corporate bidding and sell out that segment of the Democratic Party, the working class, the labour unions in particular, which had once a voice within the establishment.”
Watch
“They were trying to do a lot of things which were very pro business. So privatising social security was a big boondoggle for Wall Street, because the way it was gonna be done was every worker would have a private account and Wall Street would get fees on those accounts. So it was an enormous, enormous taxpayer subsidy to Wall Street.”
Watch
“Once they start getting corporate money the Democrats and Republicans start to compete over who can re-write the tax code to give corporations greater advantages.”
Watch
In 1994, President Clinton, alongside the leaders of Canada and Mexico, signed into effect the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA would embody the Democratic Party’s submission to free market economics … and its consequences.
Signature of the NAFTA Agreement (Photo by Jeffrey Markowitz/Sygma via Getty Images)
CHRIS HEDGES
MICHAEL McQUARRIE
MICHAEL KAZIN
“You saw under NAFTA literally factories in Ohio being crated up and shipped to northern Mexico and then from there to Vietnam and China and everywhere else. And at that point the American dream becomes the American myth - it's unattainable.”
Watch
“Primary manufacturing basically disappears from the American landscape. And that happens between 1973 and 1999.”
Watch
“A lot of Americans were very afraid about this and felt that NAFTA, in fact, was undermining the living standards, was accelerating the decline of American manufacturing.”
Watch
MICHAEL McQUARRIE
NAOMI WOLF
ARTHUR LAFFER
“The reality for American workers was that they were losing their jobs due to globalisation and the need to compete with foreign workers.”
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“Clinton definitely was the first left of centre liberal president to sign on to that globalisation push.”
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“We wrote NAFTA, we couldn't get it through. It took Clinton to get it through. God bless him for that. I just thought he was spectacular with NAFTA. He went against his own party, against the union and did the right thing.”
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By the end of the 1990s, the ‘American Century’ was giving way to a new global era. A loss of jobs and security would be partnered by a growing loss of faith in the institutions tasked with delivering the Dream.
Despite gains made by minority groups for equality and justice, the country remained conflicted over race and divided by economic disparity.
And at the dawn of a new millennium, America was to suffer its greatest loss, and face its greatest test.
Watch part one
The new millennium & the war on terror
Next: 2000s
Part II will be available online on...
